Fig. 6
From: Ovarian stimulation by promoting basal follicular growth
Low-dose metformin increased rates of implantation and ongoing pregnancy when a discriminant score (DS), calculated from IR-related multiple parameters, predicted it as effective (A). Toxic AGE (TAGE) in serum and pentosidine, N-carboxymethyl lysine (CML), and TAGE in FF correlated negatively with follicular and embryonic development (B). Number of retrieved oocytes and rate of ongoing pregnancy decreased more sharply and from an earlier age in patients with higher TAGE in serum (C). Developmental potentials of oocytes and embryos (D), Cumulative live delivery rate per patient, live delivery rate per ET, and implantation rate (E) were improved by administration of Hishi extract. Hishi extract decreased Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolone-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H1) and N.ω-(carboxymethyl) arginine (CMA) in serum (F) and CMA in follicular fluid (G). Revised from Jinno et al., 2010 [121], Jinno et al., 2011 [123], and Jinno et al., 2021 [126]